The direction in which the Earth and the other solid planets--Mercury, Venus, and Mars -- spins were determined from collisions with giant celestial bodies in the early history of the Solar System.

下划线部分要找一个最合适的表达来替换，答案是spin was determined by，但是在解释另一个错误选项spin was determined as a result of时，解释用尽了它能找到的所有形容词: the phrase 'determined as a result of' is redundant, awkward and unidiomatic. ----我怎么觉得这解释比那个错误选项冗繁和丑陋多了。。。。。